Development research skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development research skill - Essay Example defined as the information that has been collected and studied for the first time and the secondary research can be explained as analyzing and interpreting the information collected in the primary research (Kirk and Miller, 2001). The use or the application of the primary research is that it is important and applied for answering various queries and also questions and it includes surveys, questionnaire and interviews that is conducted with small groups and individuals. And the secondary research is used or applied for publishing the research reports in surveys, internet and library and it is also useful in preparing the reports of the governments, universities and also medical councils. The secondary research generally utilizes properly the information that are studied or researched by the researcher previously and it is easily available to the public (Wainer and Braun, 1988). The intellectual ownership in relation or in consideration with the primary and the secondary research are the research that is conducted have some right which includes copyrights, trademarks, patents and also the trade secrets (Davies and Dodd, 2002).The intellectual ownership in context of the research can be explained by the fact that the research is required to be conducted in such a way that it maintains honesty, confidentiality, compliance with the various requirements and also disclosure of the various interest and also adhering the various relationship between the other researchers. Therefore in perspective of the study of the business management the intellectual ownership can be protected (Glesne and Peshkin, 1992). Secondary research paper can be explained and described as the source for analyzing, interpreting, commenting, summarizing and evaluating the processes the information that is collected on the basis of the primary sources. The materials for conducting the secondary research is included for the publication of the articles in newspapers , journals and also

Women In Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Women In Macbeth Essay Shakespeare â€Å"Macbeth† and Robert Browning â€Å"The Laboratory, are related via the theme of power and in both stories in involves a murder plot. In both works it shows ambitious women is willing to resort to murder to accomplish their ends. Both are not afraid to kill, both use a lot of descriptive language and they are both planners. Both women in Macbeth and The Laboratory are shown to seek power thru an intended killing to gain themselves some power they covet which is currently possessed by their intended victim. Macbeth seeks the crown of Scotland by murdering the king, and the narration of The Laboratory seeks a redress of grievance via the murder of her rival .The similarity in both characters is that both are open to kill and they showed no remorse or moral problems in it. Like for example in The Laboratory the narrator describes how is she going to kill her lover’s mistress. â€Å"Now that,trying thy glass mask tightly My gaze tho these faint smoke curling whitely As though pliest thy trade in this devil’s smithy Which is the poison to poison her,prither?   As this compared to Lady Macbeth of killing Duncan, which can be seen in Act 1, Scene 5 p.20. â€Å"Come to my womans breast, and take my milk for gall, you murdering minister Whereas in your sightless substance You wait on nature’s mischief Come,thick,night And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell. With these scene in Macbeth and the lines in The Laboratory poem it shows that the character doesn’t show any remorse till the end until she loses her mind and stricken with guilt. These women shows that they quite brutal, aggressive and violent characters as what Lady Macbeth describes, she would dash her child’s brain on the ground rather than break a promise to her husband whereas the speaker in The Laboratory describes how she would like the rivals to suffer and die. They both use their femininity to manipulate men into doing what they want, and in both contexts, society would have been appalled by this type of woman. They both seem a little mentally unstable the speaker in The Laboratory is very paranoid and seems to jump between talking about murder and talking about dancing making her sound just a little psychotic! Lady M eventually goes mad andcant cope with the guilt, her sleepwalking scene shows just how disturbed she is.

Essay --

Suicide is a permanent solution to what is often a temporary problem. Suicide not only affects the individual but it also affects all the people that surround that one person who committed suicide. When a person decides he/she wants to die they commit this act. But, when a person attempts suicide and is unsuccessful this can lead to that individual to be in more pain to include: broken bones to brain damage. An unsuccessful, suicide attempt can cause the person to sink further into depression as well. There are many contributing factors when dealing with someone who wants to commit suicide but there are also a few myths that are associated with suicide as well. When people talk about committing suicide to another person this does not necessarily mean that they want to kill themselves, but it just might be that they are reaching out or crying for help. There are many different myths associated with suicide. Myths like: people who talk about suicide are just trying to get attention; f rom suicide occurring without warning; and suicidal people not wanting to die. To identify theses myths one must understand why someone would want to end their life. With over 38,000 suicides in 2010 The Center for Disease Control and Prevention claims that is an average of 105 each day. â€Å"There is one suicide for every 25 attempted suicides and suicide results in an estimated $34.6 billion in combined medical and work-loss costs†. (States News Service) People who want to commit suicide can attribute these thoughts to many factors. Factors like family history of suicide, attempted suicide and depression, alcohol and drug problems also contribute to the thoughts of suicide. Warning signs are identified in many different ways and they also change with age... ... Did he want to die? His mind was not yet matured as most teenagers minds are. He just wanted the feeling of loss to stop. That was his cry for help. Luckily, it was only for a short time. â€Å"According to the Mayo Clinic, information was released relating to debunking certain myths about suicide. â€Å"The majority of people contemplating suicide don't really want to die. They are seeking an end to intense mental and/or physical pain. Most have a treatable mental illness. Interventions can save lives.† (â€Å"States News Service†) Suicide is a very serious condition that affects the lives of not only the individual who commits suicide, but it affects all the people who are involved with that individual. When we can separate the facts from the myths about suicide, we could possibly prevent a suicide and save someone’s life. Everyone should know the facts, it can save a life.

US Election :: essays papers

US Election Overview of the American Economy The American economy has been skyrocketing during the past decade. Growth in fields such as output, price stability, consumer demand, labor markets, and productivity have been increasing at an alarming rate. This over flow of growth occurring within the country has brought a sense of safety to the American people and with increased spending based on the â€Å"wealth effect† the American economy looks to be evermore prosperous in the years to come. Al Gore- Democrats Al Gore, the leader for the Democrat party, supports many freewill movements and has a firm understanding of the country’s future development. Gore is an avid believer in expanding the United States to encompass a more world wide approach at economics, such as enabling NAFTA to extend southward. Strongly supports cutting taxes and putting money back into the system to encourage future profits enabling for the tax cuts. More money going into the system gives ore money back tot he government and without taxation making both the government and the people benefit. George Bush- Republicans George Bush, the leader for the Republican party, strongly believes in conservative views and the welfare of the people. Bush’s ideals are more traditional and are shaped towards the white, heterosexual, over 40 year old man, which holds the majority in the United States. Supports cutting taxes and taking the money the government has and increase spending in public affairs to benefit the people. Eliminating the debt and estate tax are important also but with no increase in governmental profit. 15 percent cut in tax rates, providing greatest benefit to the rich. Favors 50 percent reduction in capital gains tax. Supports $500 per child tax credit. No mention of Comprehensive health care guarantees. Supports allowing of workers to retain health insurance while shifting jobs, nothing for uninsured. Maintaining existing tax structure, with only minor changes, favoring the rich. Supports $500 per child tax credit, $1 500 tax credit for community college. Opposes any expansion of federal programs or guaranties of health care. Privatization of Medicare. Mainly good for the rich, elderly, and veterans. Abolishing of the Department of Education. Promotes private schools against public education. Better for richer families. Encourages school prayer and patriotism. Cuts in spending and more restrictions. Eliminate food stamps and school lunch program. Very difficult for welfare cases. Cutting of $1 trillion from federal programs, Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security.

America: The Land of “Equal” Opportunity Essay

Although the American society that we live in today prides itself on equal job opportunity and progression, it is easy to see behind the deceiving faà §ade. Women have always been viewed as the less dominant gender due to the patriarchy that is provided by society. In fact, women are still making a measly seventy-seven cents for every dollar that a man makes, and the gap is even worse for African-American or Latina women working (Huffington). Even with women having a greater entry into the workforce in recent years, their pay is still considerably less than a man’s (Conley 312). Due to this suffering pay disparity, the women in the workplace are forced to suffer through many barriers that are not thought of and are unheard of by men. It is difficult to break through the glass ceiling of the corporate world for women to get to a higher job title, they are placed into the category of â€Å"caregiver† for children, and finally they are faced with sexual harassment in the workplace. Due to these unfair blockages within the corporate world, the women in today’s society face the harsh inequality provided by the workforce. The glass ceiling of the corporate world is thought of to be a main barrier within the inequality of gender in today’s society. This invisible limit on women’s climb up the corporate ladder poses as a very difficult hurdle to dodge towards success in the work place (Conley 315). If a person simply cannot go any further in their job, why would they bother to put forth more effort? In order for a company to succeed, it is necessary for its employers to go above and beyond what they are expected to do; when a person feels that they no longer must do this, however, the bare minimum will most likely be expected of these people. Women make up 46.5 percent of the workforce in America, yet they only occupy less than 8 percent of the head corporate positions (The Conundrum). This number is astounding based on the percentage of women that make up the workforce in total, and is frustrating for the women who are well-equipped for the job at hand. If this glass ceiling barrier were to be broken, the workforce would have a more equal balance of corporate heads, and would most likely have a more productive workforce because of this. With everyone is striving to make it to the top, all will be going further than what is expected of them. Based on the glass ceiling provided to women in the workforce, a barrier is  created that must be broken through to improve productivity and equality within the work place. Women in society today are seen as the â€Å"housewives†. Due to the gender roles provided by society from birth, women are taught to behave and act a certain way within the house. They are thought of as child bearers, cooks, caregivers, and the person who is responsible for other chores around the house; Arlie Hochschild calls this effect the second shift (Conley 469). Due to this effect on society, women may be seen as less expected to work full-time, when in fact, only 3 percent of women managers said that family responsibilities were a main obstacle in their career (Empowering Women). With women being placed into a set category and role, this causes men to see them as weak and unable to work full-time. This barrier could be broken by a more forward way of thinking towards women’s roles in society. There are plenty of women who do not fit the role of housewife, and by placing them into this role, they are being unrightfully judged. With a more forward way of thinking , this issue of set role can be solved within the work place. Sexual harassment is another barrier which women must face in the work force that most men would not. This harassment comes as an illegal discrimination in many different forms that is intended to make women feel uncomfortable and not welcome (Conley 313). The act of harassment can make women feel very unequal and strange in the workplace, discouraging them from climbing up the corporate ladder. Men do this to subordinate the women in the society, giving them more power, and in most cases they are successful in doing so. In fact, 90 percent of large corporations reported sexual harassment complaints by women employees (Empowering Women). If sexual harassment were more discouraged in the work place, women would feel more confident in climbing up the social ladder without the constant fear of sexual ridicule. With the banning of sexual harassment, the work place would be a safer and more equal environment to work in. American society today still sadly portrays unequal opportunity between genders. Due to the corporate glass ceiling, women being seen as housewives, and sexual harassment in the work place, this inequality will continue to occur for women. These barriers are preventing women from climbing the corporate ladder, which blocks equality in the workforce. If my suggestion to destroy all of these barriers were to go through, American society today would have equal opportunity for both genders in the corporate  world. With equal opportunity, there will be more productivity and greater overall acceptance in the work place. Works Cited â€Å"Empowering Women in Business – The Glass Ceiling – Feminist Majority Foundation.†Empowering Women in Business – The Glass Ceiling – Feminist Majority Foundation. Feminist Majority Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Huffington, Christina. â€Å"Women And Equal Pay: Wage Gap Still Intact, Study Shows.† The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 09 Apr. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. â€Å"The Conundrum of the Glass Ceiling.† Economist.com. The Economist Newspaper Limited, 21 July 2005. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.

November Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

November Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays November is the month of Thanksgiving and some of the best inventions that made their official public debut with the registration of their patents, trademarks, or copyrights. Literary works, new methods of manufacturing, and new products all made their appearance for the first time in November. Throughout history, the 11th month of the year has also been when many great  inventors and scientists were born, and you can find out which famous figures and inventions share your November birthday below. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the birth of Apple Jacks cereal  to several special  Thanksgiving  Day inventions, there are many great creations that got their official start with the registration of their patents, trademarks, and copyrights in the month of November. November 1 1966: Apple Jacks cereal was trademark registered. November 2 1955: Jim Hensons Kermit the Frog, the first Muppet, was copyright registered. November 3 1903: Listerine was trademark registered. November 4 1862: Richard Gatling received a patent for the machine gun. November 5 1901:  Henry Ford received a patent for a motor carriage. November 6 1928: Colonel Jacob Schick patented the first electric razor. November 7 1955: The movie Guys and Dolls, based on stories by Damon Runyon,  was copyright registered. November 8 1956: Cecile B Demilles The Ten Commandments was copyright registered. November 9 1842: George Bruce received the first design patent for printing typefaces. November 10 1981: The board game Trivial Pursuit was registered. November 11 1901:  NABISCO, the snack food manufacturer, was trademark registered. November 12 1940: Batman, the original comic strip, was trademark registered. November 13 1979:  Robert Jarvik was granted a patent for an artificial heart. November 14 1973: Patsy Sherman and Samuel Smith obtained a patent for a method for treating carpets known as Scotchguard. November 15 1904: Patent Number 775,134 was granted to King C. Gillette for a safety razor. November 16 1977: Stephen Spielbergs Close Encounters of the Third Kind was copyright registered. November 17 1891:  Emile Berliner was issued a patent for a combined telegraph and telephone. November 18 1952:  ELMERS glue was trademark registered. November 19 1901:  Granville Woods was issued a patent for a third rail to operate electrified railways. November 20 1923: Patent Number 1,475,024 was granted to Garrett Morgan for a traffic signal. November 21 1854: Issac Von Bunschoten patented a rosin-oil lamp. November 22 1904: Design patent for the Congressional Medal of Honor was granted to George Gillespie. November 23 1898:  Andrew Beard was granted a patent for a railway car coupler. November 24 1874: Patent Number 157,124 was granted to Joseph Glidden for barbed wire fencing. November 25 1975: Robert S. Ledley was granted patent Number 3,922,522 for diagnostic X-ray systems known as the CAT-Scan. November 26 1895: Russell Penniman received a patent for a transparent photographic film. November 27 1894: Mildred Lord was granted a patent for a washing machine. November 28 1905: ARM HAMMER baking soda was trademark registered. November 29 1881: Francis Blake was granted a patent for the speaking phone. November 30 1858: John Mason patented the screw neck bottle called the Mason Jar. November Birthdays From Marie Curie, who discovered radium, to the Fourth Earl of Sandwich, who invented the sandwich, November has given birth to a number of influential scientists and inventors throughout history. Listed by date and year they were born, the following famous figures changed the world with the accomplishments they made in their lifetimes. November 1 1950: Robert B. Laughlin  was an American physicist who won the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for producing  body wave function in the  fractional quantum Hall effect.1880: Alfred L Wegener was a German meteorologist that revealed the continental shift.1878: Carlos Saavedra Lamas was an Argentinian who was the first to be awarded the Latin American Nobel Peace Prize in 1936. November 2 1929: Amar Bose was an electrical engineer with a Ph.D. from MIT and the founder and chairman of Bose Corporation, which patented advanced speakers that mimic being inside a concert hall.1942: Shere Hite is an author and sex therapist, who wrote the Hite Report. November 3 1718: John Montague was the Fourth Earl of Sandwich and the inventor of the  sandwich. November 4 1912: Pauline Trigere was the fashion designer that created bell-bottom pants.1923: Alfred Heineken was a beer brewer that founded Heineken  beer. November 5 1534: Carlos Saavedra Lamas was a German botanist and physician who wrote the first horticulture catalog.1855: Leon P Teisserenc de Bort was a French meteorologist who discovered the existence of Earths stratosphere.1893: Raymond Loewy was an American industrial designer that designed everything from Coca-Cola vending machines to  Pennsylvania Railroads S1 steam locomotive.1930: Frank Adams was a British mathematician, who greatly advanced concepts of  homotopy theory.1946:  Patricia K Kuhl is a speech and hearing scientist and a major contributor to the neuroscience, language acquisition, and speech recognition communities. November 6 1771: Alois Senefelder invented  lithography.1814: Adolphe Sax was the Belgium musician who invented the saxophone.1861:  James Naismith  invented the rules of basketball. November 7 1855: Edwin H. Hall was an American physicist who discovered the Hall effect.1867: Marie Curie  was the French scientist who discovered radium and won the Nobel Prize in 1903 and 1911.1878: Lise Meitner was the Austrian-Swedish physicist who discovered protactinium.1888: Chandrasekhara Raman was the Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his advancements in the study of light scattering in 1930.1910: Edmund Leach was a British social anthropologist who greatly influenced the field of British structural-functionalism.1950: Alexa Canady was the first black woman to become a neurosurgeon. November 8 1656: English astronomer Edmund Halley discovered the Halley comet.1922: Christiaan Barnard was a South African surgeon who performed the first heart transplant.1923:  Jack Kilby  was an American scientist who  invented the integrated circuit (the microchip).1930: Edmund Happold was the structural engineer who founded engineering constituency. November 9 1850: Lewis Lewin was a German toxicologist who is considered the father of psychopharmacologist.1897: Ronald G. W. Norrish was a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1967 for the development of flash photolysis.1906: Arthur Rudolph was a German rocket engineer who helped develop the American space program. November 10 1819: Cyrus West Field financed the first transatlantic cable.1895: John Knudsen Northrop was an aircraft designer who founded Northrop Air.1918: Ernst Fischer is the German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973 for pioneering the field of organometallic chemistry. November 11 1493: Paracelsus was the  Swiss scientist who is known as the father of toxicology. November 12 1841: John W. Rayleigh was the English physicist won the Nobel prize in 1904 for discovering argon. November 13 1893: Edward A. Doisy Sr. was an American biochemist who invented a way to manufacture Vitamin K1 and won the Nobel prize in 1943.1902: Gustav von Koenigswald was a paleontologist who found Pithecanthropus erectus. November 14 1765:  Robert Fulton  built the first steamboat.1776: Henri Dutrochet discovered and named the process of osmosis.1797: Charles Lyell was  a Scottish geologist who wrote The Principles of Geology.1863:  Leo Baekeland  was a Belgian-American chemist who invented the  bakelite. November 15 1793: Michel Chasles was a  French mathematician who  specialized in geometry. November 16 1857: Henry Potonie was a German geologist who studied coal formation. November 17 1906: Soichiro Honda was the founder and first CEO of the Honda Motor Company.1902: Eugene Paul Wigner was a  Mathematician and physicist and the co-inventor of the A-Bomb who won the Nobel Prize in 1963. November 18 1839: August A. Kundt was a  German physicist who researched sound vibration and invented the test of Kundt.1897: British physicist, Patrick M. S. Blackett invented a nuclear reaction won the Nobel Prize in 1948.1906: American physiologist/biologist, George Wald won the Nobel prize in 1967. November 19 1912: George E Palade is cell biologist who discovered ribosomes and won the Nobel Prize in 1974.1936: Yuan T. Lee is a Taiwanese chemist who was the first from the country to win a Nobel Prize for his work on the dynamics of chemical elementary processes. November 20 1602: Otto von Guericke invented the air pump.1886: Karl von Frisch was a zoologist and bee expert who won the Nobel Prize in 1973.1914: Emilio Pucci is an Italian fashion designer known for his prints.1916: Robert A. Bruce was a pioneer in exercise cardiology. November 21 1785: William Beaumont was a surgeon who was first to research digestion.1867: Vladimir N. Ipatiev was a  Russian petroleum chemist who made huge advancements in the field. November 22 1511: Erasmus Reinhold was the German mathematician who calculated planetary table.1891: Erik Lindahl was a  Swedish economist who wrote The Theory of Money and Capital.1919: Wilfred Norman Aldridge was a biochemist and toxicologist. November 23 1924: Colin Turnbull was an anthropologist and one of the first ethnomusicologist who wrote The Forest People and The Mountain People.1934: Rita Rossi Colwell is an  environmental microbiologist  whos known around the world for her research. November 24 1953: Tod Machover is an  American composer who invented the use of new technology in music. November 25 1893: Joseph Wood Krutch was an American environmentalist and writer whose nature books on the American Southwest and critiques of reductionistic science made him famous.1814: Julius Robert Mayer was a  German scientist who was one of the founders of thermodynamics.1835: Andrew Carnegie was an industrialist and a noted philanthropist. November 26 1607: John Harvard was a clergyman and scholar who founded Harvard University.1876:  Willis Haviland Carrier  invented air-conditioning equipment.1894: Norbert Wiener was the American mathematicians who invented cybernetics.1913: Joshua William Steward invented polymath. November 27 1701: Anders Celsius was a Swedish scientist who invented the centigrade temperature scale.1894: Forrest Shaklee founded Shaklee Products.1913: Frances Swem Anderson was a technologist who researched nuclear medicine.1955: Scientist actor, Bill Nye is a scientist and actor who hosts a show on Netflix about science based on his original Bill Nye the Science Guy show from the 80s and 90s. November 28 1810: William Froude was an English engineer and a naval architect.1837:  John Wesley Hyatt  invented celluloid.1854: Gottlieb J. Haberlandt was a German botanist who discovered plant tissue cultures. November 29 1803: Christian Doppler was an Austrian physicist who invented Doppler effect radar.1849:  John Ambrose Fleming  invented the first practical electron tube called the Fleming Valve and the vacuum tube diode.1911: Klaus Fuchs was a British atomic physicist who was arrested for being a spy.1915: Earl W. Sutherland was the American pharmacologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1971 for discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the actions of hormones. November 30 1827: Ernest H. Baillon was a French botanist who wrote The History of Plants.1889: Edgar D. Adrian was an  English physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1932 for his work on neurons.1915: Henry Taube was a chemist who won the Nobel prize in 1983 for his work  in the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.

Poverty throughout the United States Essays

Poverty throughout the United States Essays Poverty throughout the United States Essay Poverty throughout the United States Essay The culture of poverty thesis maintains that the poor are largely responsible for their own poverty. Others, however, argue that this attitude essentially blames the victim and that poverty is cause by society’s unequal distribution of wealth. This paper takes the stand that poverty is condition brought about by the unequal opportunities and distribution of wealth. There are many measures employed in the United States to prevent, alleviate or cure poverty and to maintain adequate incomes for certain sectors of the population. Being one of the superpower in the world, it is difficult to imagine that extreme poverty still exists in this country. For indeed, how can a nation so wealthy still have citizens who are less fortunate. There comes a time when world do get a glimpse of the real condition of poverty as a fact of life in the United States. Defining Poverty Poverty may be defined in absolute or relative terms. An absolute definition defines a minimal level of well-being in nutrition, shelter, clothing, health and many more and then determines what income is sufficient to maintain this level, taking into account family size and other factors. To start off, one sees that for the huge majority of Americans, the days of high quality jobs with decent wages, security, and full health and retirement benefits are a thing of the past. This is especially true of people who had little or no education and are therefore barred from great companies. As for cashing in on the success of companies like Microsoft, or becoming a venture capitalist, to make money more quickly, as James Fallows in The Invisible Poor notes many Americans to have done, even the smallest business entails ample capital, not to mention financial risk, which people like Tanya could not afford to take. Hence the solution is more suitable for middle class people with money to spare (Fallows). Given that the situation is characterized by the need for jobs with a salary that would cover, at the very least, the basic needs of a family, it seems plausible that the best solution is to promote economic growth. According to Charles Clark in Ending Poverty in America: The First Step, the rationale for â€Å"making the economic pie larger† is so all can have more, that is, to minimize scarcity (not enough to go around) that results in income inequality and poverty. This solution not only prevents a class warfare, but also benefits the business sector, eventually leading to a â€Å"trickle down effect† that benefits the workers. Clark made this solution more specific by advocating what he called a â€Å"basic salary system,† that would provide a decent minimum income floor to ensure â€Å"economic security for the poor so they can seek further education (and to concentrate on education without oppressive work requirements) and training to try different market strategies. † (Clark, 2004). An article entitled Meritocracy in America which appeared in The Economist tackles a similar issue- this time focusing on educational inequalities- and shows evidence that social mobility, i. e. people climbing the income brackets, has declined since the 1970s. Among the cited studies is the one conducted by two economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston who found â€Å"that 40% of families remained stuck in the same income bracket in the 1990s, compared with 37% of families in the 1980s and 36% in the 1970s. (Meritocracy in America, 2004). The article goes on to explain how the educational system has become increasingly stratified by social class, with â€Å"three-quarters of the students at the country’s top 146 colleges [coming] from the richest socio-economic fourth, compared with just 3% from the poorest fourth (the median family income at Harvard, for example, is $150,000). † Elite universities further disadvantage the poor through policies like â€Å"affirmative action† and â€Å"legacy preferences. The first is designed to help members of racial minorities regardless of social status, and the second is a program that makes admittance easier for children of alumni, e. g. in most Ivy League institutions, â€Å"legacies† make up between 10% and 15% of every class (Meritocracy in America, 2004). The persistence of poverty reflects a complex conjunction of factors. First demographic trends swelled the ranks of the elderly, of female-headed households, and of job-seekers. Because these groups tend to be at the low end of employability, poverty rates went up. Thus, the situation results in the poor remaining poor and the rich becoming richer than ever. People who come from poor families have even less chance of being accepted into schools that hold the key to the best jobs. In the end, their options become limited to either attending second-rate schools promising second-rate jobs, or dropping out of school altogether to get blue-collar jobs. Although the main federal program supporting poorer students, the Pell grant, largely go to poor families with incomes below $41,000, Meritocracy in America reveals that â€Å"the federal government has been shifting resources from Pell grants to other forms of aid to higher education,† such as student loans and federal tax breaks that benefit both the rich and the poor. The article further questions the motivation of many colleges for giving student loans, pointing out that financial aid is being increasingly used to attract the best students away from competitors rather than to help the poor as it should (Meritocracy in America, 2004). Policy Evaluation: Economic Realities and Critical Ideological Viewpoints Because of the radical differences in their perspectives on poverty and its causes, critics of various ideological stripes have different evaluations of income support programs. There is little agreement on their impacts and outcomes. Conservatives, given their belief that poverty is the fault of the poor and of misguided welfare spending generally evaluate public programs negatively. They focus on the high cost of programs, on disincentives to work, and on the advantages of private or state programs over federal policies. Conclusions The paper concludes that there are solutions available to eliminate poverty such as a establishing a basic income system and reforming the education system to allow easier access for poor children. However, the government, schools and concerned wealthy people can only do so much. Poor people cannot go on laying the blame for being poor on other people and should start to take responsibility for their own destiny. While it is true that being born into a poor family is often large enough an obstacle to financial freedom, at the same time, having children out of wedlock, taking illegal drugs, being an alcoholic are not the types of choices that pave the way to success. It is not enough to think of the poor as hapless victims of an oppressive class structure, but to analyze their active role in their own oppression. Only through an objective understanding of the reasons why poor people remain poor for the rest of their lives can these people learn how to finally break free from the shackles that bind them. Public assistance programs come in two forms, cash assistance and in-kind assistance. Cash assistance is imply, cash assistance and in-kind assistance. Cash assistance is simply a -transfer of income from a government agency to an individual. The United States has been consistently last in establishing welfare aid income support programs, and its funding of them remains at a level well below that of most other developed nations, in which social insurance and public assistance benefits come close to ensuring current average living standards. References www.usbig.net/papers/080-Clark-EndingPoverty.doc economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3518560