Friends and the play of Nevilles Island Essay Example for Free

Friends and the play of Nevilles Island Essay The hit sitcom Friends started ten years ago when we were first introduced to Monica, Rachael, Phoebe, Chandler, Ross and Joey and today I am going to compare the sitcom of Friends with the play of Nevilles Island which was written by Tim Firth. Nevilles Island is not only a play. It has also been recently made into a film starring Timothy Spall, Martin Clunes, Jeff Rawle and David Bamber. Friends on the other hand was written and still remains for television and for the past ten years it has been broadcast over the Atlantic to millions of eager viewers both in America and the U. K. In America Friends is broadcast over the television network of NBC compared to the U.K where it is received through Channel 4. When we first observe the film of Nevilles Island we are introduced to four businessmen, who, when their boat sinks, find themselves stranded on a small island, called Rampsholme in the middle of the Lake Districts Derwent Water. The Four Characters in Nevilles Island are on a team-building weekend, they are Neville, (Jeff Rawle), has become the elected Captain of the group, who then proves he is unfit for his position when he leads the team in the wrong direction. He does his best to maintain order in the groups arguments, and works well as a go-between as he proves to be very reasonable with his fellow peers, and he seems to be the most adjusted member of the group to island life, He is dressed in an Anorak and wears glasses. He tries his hardest to keep the peace between Angus and Gordon, (Timothy Spall) who is extremely sarcastic towards his fellow peers and seems to pick up on every little flaw in their character, which later show him to be a bully, his cruel sarcasm gives us ma ny funny moments throughout the play of Nevilles island, such as all Christians are like Radio hams. Gordon seems to have many rants at his fellow colleagues most of which result in handbags at dawn style tension between him and Angus, (David Bamber) whom at the start of the play; he comes across as a good-natured person who is full of optimism. Angus seems to have dressed out of the camp shop side of his wardrobe so to speak as he is dressed constantly in cagoules, anoraks and knitted hats. Angus turns out to be a bit sad as he seems to bore everyone stiff, with his numerous attempts at cracking jokes. Also, later in the play where all hope seems to have to been lost he suddenly reveals a hidden sausage, which in the heating of proves to be very funny. He may also later have hindered the groups rescue as he seems to have bought the entire stock of a camping shop and told nobody about it, his shopping list includes a 18-inch knife, climbing ropeand for some reason unbeknown to his fellow standees..a dinner suit! Roy, (Martin Clunes), is a born-again Christian who has an un-kempt appearance. Roy has recently returned to work following a prolonged breakdown, after the death of his mother, Lucy, he literally hangs onto his sanity and Gordons rant about how old people only become religious because they are scared stiff, and there just grabbing, grabbing, grabbing at the rope, and no-ones holding the other end doesnt help either as this near-enough sends Roy into a relapse, and he disappears into the undergrowth with an 18-inch knife, so the group fear he may do something to harm himself, but later he is found, sat up a tree wearing only his underwear, but after he returns the knife to Neville, they fear he may take his own life again as Angus almost mile long piece of rope has gone missing, and they think he may hang himself he also reveals to Neville that he helped his mother to end her own lifeRoy is also a keen birdwatcher, and he takes his time on the island to observe a rare falcon, and is called amongst many other things by GordonDoo-lally Friends is all about 6 friends who all live in the same block of apartments in New York, the show takes us through their individual strengths, weaknesses, problems and goalsmost of all their intertwining relationships with each other. The characters in friends are Joey Tribbiani (Matt Leblanc.) Joey is broad-shouldered, wide-eyed and thick-headed. Joey comes from New York and is a lover who has had many partners. Joey is a not-so-good actor who never has to play-act being a good guy or a better friend, but he wants to hit the big-time as an actor. He is cheeky, and most of his jokes are sexually orientated, followed by hand gestures. Joey is sarcastic. Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) Wise-cracks, and sets off development in characters storyline. Chandler appears to be over-qualified at work and he seems to be afraid of wife Monica. Chandler gives really bad advice. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) Ross is the personification of an intellectual geek as he is an expert in Palaeontology. Ross is still looking for love after 3 divorces. He has always loved Rachael. Ross is quite nerdy, and (most of the time) sticks to the rule book. Rachael Green (Jennifer Aniston), Rachael comes across as an IT/ Daddys girl. She dithers a lot, and is meant to be with Ross, even though they have drifted apart many times. Monica Geller Bing (Courtney Cox Arquette) used to be a high-school fatty, but now has slimmed down to obsessive and cleaning mad Monica. She is a good sister to Ross and a friend to everyone. After marrying Chandler, Monica seems to have made him find his maturity. Phoebe Buffay Hannigan (Lisa Kudrow) a hippie chick who has led a traumatic life, her mother killed herself, her stepfather went to prison, and she lived on the streets for some of her life. She drives people mad with her out-of-key folk songs that she writes with her guitar. Phoebe can be quite dippy, but she is kind-hearted, a good spirit, and seems to take everyday as it comes. She near enough floats around and I think would have fit in perfectly in the 60s. Very off-the-wall. The sitcom of friends is set in New York and it appears to be aimed at the younger generations of the 90s and 00s, this is mainly caused by its humour and that the characters themselves are very young. In comparison to this the play of Nevilles Island is set in a remote island in the middle of a lake in the Lake District and its characters are all middle-aged around 40 years old and Nevilles Island, I think can appeal to all ages as the comedy and mishaps that occur between the four characters of Angus, Roy, Gordon and Neville could almost happen to anybody of any age. The four men in Nevilles Island are all executives of a water company and they have been sent on this team-building exercise. The friendships in either drama are very different, as the 6 friends in Friends are all immensely close and after being so for ten years they appear to have a love for each other which comes with a bond that makes their friendships so special to them, even though the group is half men, half women apart from sexual tension between Monica and Chandler, Ross and Rachael this appears to not affect their friendships whatsoever. These bonds of friendship could not be more different than in the play of Nevilles Island by Tim Firth as the four colleagues seem to have been forced to be together and this creates lots of tension between them particularly with Roy and Gordon with his rants about all Christians are like radio-hams. The four colleagues seem to be each putting up with each other constantly and we get a sense that if they had not worked in the same workplace, these four individuals would never had considered becoming friends with each other. The Two dramas of Friends and Nevilles Island have been written in the same decade and they include many moral issues and information about current affairs for example the mood of Friends was slightly changed for a while during the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World trade centres. The home life/lifestyle has affected the personalities of all the characters in either drama such as Phoebe is slightly mad and sometimes eccentric. This may have been caused by her circumstances as a child as her mother killed herself, her stepfather went to prison, and she lived on the streets for some of her life. In Nevilles Island we see Gordon who appears to bully most people he sees by picking up on every flaw in their character and using it as ammunition against them, Gordon appears to be in denial as in fact he is very lonely but refuses to admit this. There are many themes/issues that arise from the two dramas of Nevilles Island and Friends such as Status; in Friends the 6 characters stand almost as individuals and they respect each other because of it and apart from minute outbursts from such characters as Monica giving rants about Crummies, but this is simply a part of Monicas character and does not distinguish her as having more power over fellow friends. In contrast to this there is use of Status/Power in Nevilles Island, and this comes mainly from the character Gordon bullying people and bossing them about. Gordon is not however the chosen leader of the group, who is Neville but Gordon, underestimates his given authority on the island and simply does what he wants and says what he wants regardless of their feelings. Gordon always makes sarcastic and negative comments about his fellow colleagues; this makes him feel superior and powerful to the rest of the group. Friendship is a key theme in both pieces of drama as in Friends, the entire purpose of the sitcom is to display the friendship between the 6 characters however Nevilles Island meddles with the idea of leaving work-place politics behind in order the group of them to survive, whilst on the island though we realise that this group of colleagues dont actually like each other and seem to have been forced into this team-building weekend. There are many relationships in both pieces of drama, some sexual but some arise form tension and the clash of personalities like that in Nevilles Island between Roy and Gordon. Gordon is convinced that Roy is faking his religion for attention/acceptance and goes on many rants about this for example when he tells Roy that all Christians are like radio-hams. Gordon continues to cause tension between the group when there is a clash of personalities between Angus and himself as Angus is constantly trying to tell jokes, but none of them are funny as Angus often gets the joke mixed-up, this irritates Gordon even further, and he reached the height of his irritation when he discovers that Angus seems to have an entire camping shop worth of supplies in his backpack, along with climbing rope, an 18-inch macheteand even a 3-piece dinner suit! Gordon continues to irritate Angus by simply picking on him, but this ends when Gordon accuses Angus wife of being adulterous and that right now she is screaming in ecstasy on the bread shelf in Sainsburys. Relationships in Friends that are of a sexual sense come from Ross and Rachael as since the beginning of the series they have been attracted to each other and after 3 divorces Ross seems to have found his perfect match, this applies to Rachael; and in the final episode Ross and Rachael finally get together. Another relationship in the sitcom Friends comes from Monica and Chandler, they get married and later find out that they cannot have children so in the final series they have a surrogate mother and she agrees to give them her baby, but when the baby is being born in the final episode they find out that instead of one baby, they are having twins. The two remaining friends who do not get it together are Joey and Phoebe, there has never been an attraction between them and Phoebe marries a man called Mike and becomes Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan. Co-operation plays a big part in the play of Nevilles Island by Tim Firth, the entire purpose of the team-building is to bring the four characters together as a team, so that they can co-operate together in this or any environment, but this proves difficult as the four colleagues are completely incompatible and in the end simply get on each others nerves. The characters in Friends co-operate completely with each other, they help each other out in any circumstances and they work together perfectly. The social context of the sitcom Friends by David Crane takes us through an entire decade of events through the years of 1994 -2004. Friends is set in the city of New York and focuses on city life and the glamorous lifestyles of 6 friends in coffee culture which is centred around their meeting place a coffee house by the name of Central Perk. The social context of Friends takes us before, during and through the aftermath of the 11th September attacks on the World Trade Centre, which all Americans including the characters in friends come out of this very patriotic. The Sitcom of Friends focuses more on the social lives of the friends rather than their work places, this is mainly shown through Chandler as we get a sense that he is successful in his job, but this is shrouded in mystery as we never find out what he does or indeed what his workplace looks like. A convention of an American sitcom is that it shows Americans in an ideal lifestyle and there is no hint of poverty or depravation and they appear to be at the higher middle-class and American viewers hope to aspire to this. These conventions are used in the sitcom Friends. Friends is filmed in a studio and no-matter-what shot is used, we never get to see that elusive other wall in contrast to this in the play Nevilles Island the weather appears to mirror the emotions of the characters, this is pathetic fallacy, and instead of being filmed in a studio, Nevilles Island is filmed in a natural environment on location. Nevilles Island is set in the 1990s and in a rural setting as the entire play occurs outdoors. Nevilles Island is set in the time where John Major from the conservative party was Prime Minister, and the negative attitudes towards the situations used through Gordon mirror that of the time as John Major was trying to shake off and fight Margaret Thatchers Everyone for themselves view. Nevilles Island is a black comedy as it uses the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements to give a certain effect. The humour within Nevilles Island is created because of the contrasting characters and the way that they interact with each other. Each character has their own individual sense of humour; Gordon possesses a sarcastic, negative and almost child-like sense of humour. Angus jokes are more centred on farcical subjects that when told arent very funny at all, but they appear to have been funny in Angus head as he laughs at his own jokes a lot. Roy doesnt really have a sense of humour as he appears to be too wrapped up in his religion, but sometimes he can appear to be quite argumentative and almost psychotic. The sitcom Friends is also centred on comedy and the humour is directed at and centred on the characters. The characters all respond differently to different situations but comedy is usually created by the use of facial expressions, accents, off-the-wall comments and the immense use of timing and pauses. From both plays there are many ideas that I would like to experiment with and include in my improvisation unit of Stranded, such as * Being stranded * Comedy/Sarcasm * Characters, with similarities to that of Nevilles Island and friends * One of the characters has a secret. * Tension * The types of characters that have been created for example Joeys use of timing and comments, Monicas obsessiveness, Phoebes eccentrics, Roys almost psychotic state of mind and his belief in religion or Gordons sarcasm and use of negative comments. The themes used within these two dramas, for example I have decided to base my Stranded improvisation work to create a piece that is focused on a shipwreck, like that of Nevilles Island. The different social settings have interested me and I understand how they affect the piece, we have decided to set our drama on a ship that is in the middle of the Irish Sea and it is full of escaped convicts/murderers that steal the boat and hold its occupier hostage, who for coincidence the criminals know, They are all Irish.

Architecture Properties for Controlling Air for Hygiene

Architecture Properties for Controlling Air for Hygiene Properties of Air Earths atmosphere is composed of air. Air is a mixture of gases of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen with traces of water vapor, carbon dioxide, argon, and various other components. Air is a uniform gas with properties that are averaged from all the individual components. Air at sea level static conditions for a standard day depends on the pressure and temperature of the location on the earth and season of the year. Gas is composed of a large number of molecules which are in constant and random motion. Air pressure and temperature changes from day to day, hour to hour, and sometimes even minute to minute during severe weather. Standard value of air shown in the diagram are just average values used by engineer in assist to design and calculate machines. Gravity is the key important factor because it holds the atmosphere to the surface. As altitude changes, the state-of-the gas factors will change, which is why the typical values given are at static conditions sea level. As altitude increases, air density, pressure, and temperature decrease. Wind Direction and Speed Understanding Wind. Wind can be defined as a simple of air movement across the earths surface and can be in any direction. which is cause by the differences in air density, thus causing in horizontal differences in air pressure greatly than it causes the vertical pressure. These pressure systems are essentially the cause and result of spatial differences in atmospheric pressure/circulation. There are general characteristics to describe wind, wind Speed and wind Direction, which create different types of wind. Examples of wind include breeze, which is a long duration of low speed wind; gusts, a short burst of high speed wind; strong immediate winds like squalls; and lastly strong intense winds like hurricane or typhoon. Wind speed is the velocity obtained by a mass of air travelling horizontally through the atmosphere. The common measurements for wind speed are kilometres per hour(kmph), miles per hour (mph), knots and meters per second by using a anemometer. The direction of wind is measured by an instrument called a wind vane. There are two main that effect wind direction and speed Pressure-gradient force Coriolis force and friction. *and lastly friction. These factors work coherently to change the wind in different directions and at different speeds. Pressure-Gradient Force Pressure gradient force is the primary force influencing the formation of wind. Wind always blows from high pressure area to low pressure area on a horizontal gradient. Vertically, wind flow from low pressure area to high pressure area. This pressure gradient force that causes the air in motion and causing the air to move in motion with increasing speed down the gradient. Uneven heating on the earths surfaces causes the continual generation of these pressure differences. The greater the pressure difference over a certain horizontal distance, the greater the force and therefore, the stronger the wind. On weather map surfaces, the variations of air pressure over the earths surface is indicated by drawing isolines of pressure, called isobars. The spacing of the isobars indicates the amount of pressure change over a given distance. The closely space in the isobar show steep pressure gradient indicate strong winds, relatively, widely spaced isobars indicate a weak pressure gradient and light winds. The Coriolis force The rotation of the Earth creates another force, known as the Coriolis force which effects the direction of the wind and other object objects in motion in very predictable ways. Newtons first law of motion The law of Inertia, state that forces are balanced. Air will remain moving in a straight line unless it is altered by an unbalancing force. Instead of wind blowing directly from high pressure area to low pressure area, Coriolis force opposes the pressure gradient acceleration and changes the moving air direction. Wind is deflected to the right of the gradient in the Northern Hemisphere, while in the Southern Hemisphere wind is deflected to the left. Key note* Coriolis force only effect the wind direction and not the wind speed. There is no deflection of winds on the equator of the earth, but maximum deflection at the poles Friction layer Wind Friction is the last force that influenced both speed and direction winds. Friction is only operative only close to the Earths at about 2,000 feet above earths surface. Friction greatly reduces speed of surface air and reduces the Coriolis force. As a result, the reduced Coriolis force alter the pressure Gradient force, to move the air at right angles across the isobars toward the area of lower pressure. Surface winds on a weather map does not blow parallel to the isobars in geostropic and gradient wind, instead surface wind cross the isobars vary at an angle from 10 to 45 degrees. Over the ocean where frictional drag is less, and reduced the angle to as little as 10 degrees. Hospital and Air General Principles of infection control Isolation precaution is an important strategy in the practice of infection control. The spread of some infections can be impeded if infected patients are segregated from those who are not infected yet. Although there is no single study showing the effectiveness of isolation. The concept of isolation can be traced back to biblical times when lepers were segregated from the rest of the populace. Towards the end of 19th century, there were recommendations for patients with infectious desease to be placed in separate facilities, which ultimately became known as infectious diseases hospitals. However, in the early 1950s, many of these infectious disease hospitals closed and the patients were moved to general hospitals. The need for proper isolations of infections in the context of general hospitals thus become an important issue. Spatial separation is critically important when using isolation precautions because many infectious airborne contaminations are spread mainly through direct contact when patients are near to one another. Special ventilation controls are required for diseases that can be transmitted over long distances by droplet nuclei (x). However, most diseases are not of this category. Proper isolation is critically important for infectious diseases that can be transmitted through long distance which can result in large clusters of infection in a short period. Infection Control and Isolation Practices Three level of controls must be considered when using isolation precautions. When setting up levels of control for isolation system in hospital, attentive attention must be given for the system to work effectively. Failure in doing so will result all three levels not working and supporting each other. First level of control Administrative control is the first level of control measure that needs to be taken to ensure that the entire system proceed effectively. Implementing proper procedures for triage of patients Detecting infections early Separating infectious patients from others Transporting the patients Educating the patients and staff Designating responsibilities clearly and correctly Communicating with all relevant partners Second level of control environmental and engineering controls is the second level so isolation. Cleaning of the environment Spatial separation Ventilation of spaces Third level of control The third level of control is to further decrease the risk of transmission of infectious disease Personal protection Provide personal protective equipment Sanitor provided in hospital Uses of Air Pressure Differences in Hospital In a hospital setting, certain populations are more vulnerable to airborne infections including immune-compromised patients, new-borns and elderly people. This also include hospital staff and visitors can also be exposed to airborne infections as well. Negative Room Pressure to Prevent Cross Contamination A negative pressure room in a hospital is used to contain airborne contaminants within the room. In the hospital is surrounded by harmful airborne pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts, moulds, pollens, gases, volatile organic compounds, small particles and chemicals are part of a larger list of airborne pathogens. Negative pressure is created by balancing the rooms ventilation system so that more air is exhaust out from the room than it is supply. A negative pressurize room is architecturally design so that air flows from the corridor, or any adjacent area into the negative pressure room. This is to ensure and prevent airborne contaminants from drifting to other areas of the hospitals and contaminating patients, staff and sterile equipment. Rooms to be Pressurize Negatively According to the 2014 FGI Guidelines and Standard 170-2013, there are a list of rooms in healthcare architecture that needs to be negatively pressurized. ER waiting rooms Radiology waiting rooms Triage Restrooms Airborne infection isolation rooms Darkrooms Cytology, glass washing, histology, microbiology, pathology, sterilizing laboratories and nuclear medicine Soiled workrooms Soiled or decontamination room for central medical and surgical supply Soiled linen and trash chute rooms Holding rooms Autopsy rooms Janitors closets Architecture Design for Negative Pressure Room In a well-designed negative pressure room, there should only be one source of air input to the room. Air is pulled through a gap under the door, other than the small opening, the room should be air tight as possible to prevent air from entering. Room must be regularly maintained to prevent any crack or opening in the room. There are certain criteria and guidelines that a negative pressure room should fulfilled A negative pressure differential of †° 2.5 Pa Isolation room with †°12 air changes per hour (ACH) for new building, †°6 ACH in existing old buildings An airflow differential >123-cfm (56 l/s) exhaust Airflows from clean to dirty Sealing of room, allowing approximately 0.5 square feet (0.046 m2) leakage An exhaust to the outside With recent approval from World Health Organization guidelines, natural ventilation can be used for airborne precaution rooms. Positive Pressure in Healthcare Design Healthcare centre are surrounded by pollutions, germs and airborne infection, and these can severely be hazardous to patients, healthcare employees and visitors when exposed. Visitors in healthcare centre are usually patients suffering from allergies, asthma, cardiopulmonary diseases, hyper sensitive to chemicals or having a weaker immune system and are seriously threatened by airborne micro-biological contamination could worsen their condition. Room adjacent to a negative pressure room are positive pressure. Positive pressure in rooms is to ensure that airborne pathogens do not contaminate the patient or supplies in that room. Operation room are example use of positive pressure, which is use to protect the occupant and sterile medical and surgical supplies. The design intention of a positive pressure room is to optimize the condition for clean, invasive procedure, thus reducing infectious risks to patient. These rooms are often considered the cleanest room in a healthcare facilities. Examples of positive pressure procedure rooms Cardiac catheterization or interventional radiology in a radiology suite Trauma or emergency surgical procedure rooms Other invasive procedures such as the insertion of pacemakers or electrophysiology procedures carried out in other locations of inpatient and outpatient facilities Criteria for a positively pressurise operating room †°15 air changes per hour (ACH) airflow out of the room Examples of Drawing Layout for Negative Isolation Room Reference: http://www.mintie.com/assets/img/resources/ASHRAE_Article-on-VentilationChanges.pdf http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/_Site_Root/Products/Literature/Brochures/Room-Pressure-Solutions-for-Healthcare-Facilities_2980067_US.pdf Positive Pressure vs Negative Pressure When total cubic feet per minute from supply air is more than return air, the room is under positive pressure and the air will flow out of the room. (Supply air > Return air) When return air is more than supply air, the room is under negative pressure and the air will flow into the room. (Return air > Supply Air) CHAPTER 3 ARCHITECTURE PROPERTIES OF CONTROLLING AIR Architecture Natural Ventilation of Health Care Facilities Ventilation Contemporary healthcare centre relies heavily on mechanical ventilation to keep indoor spaces ventilated and pressurise. The uses of mechanical ventilation require high amount energy and often do not work as expected. Equipment failure, poor maintenance, utility service and other management failure may interrupt a normal mechanical operation in healthcare centre. Instead of being an important system for controlling disease and infection, failure in mechanical ventilation systems may result in uncontrollable spread of disease through health-care facilities which could cause huge problem, outbreak of diseases. To ensure performance of mechanical system is not compromised, high cost of money is needed for installation and maintenance cost for the operation. Backing up all mechanical ventilation equipment is expensive and unsustainable is required for continuous operation if the system services a critical facility. Conditional recommendation when designing naturally ventilated healthcare facilities, overall airflow should bring the air from the agent sources to areas where there is sufficient dilution. Ventilation Ventilation the common term use in contemporary architecture, and is an important factor in building design. Ventilation provide healthy air for breathing by moving outdoor air into a building or a room, and channels the air within the building or each respective room. There are three basic elements in building ventilation to be considered: Ventilation Rate ventilation flow rate can be referred to as the absolute amount of inflow air per unit time and the air-change rate as the relative amount of inflow air per unit time. (Annex X.) Airflow Direction the overall airflow direction into a building. Air distribution or airflow pattern each part of the space should be distributed by the external air in an efficient manner. Air flown pattern effects the way airborne pollutants is removed in an efficient manner because pollutants is generated in each part of the space. Natural Ventilation One of the fundamental aspects of architecture is to provide comfort to the inhabitant. This is done by wall insulating, heating, protecting from the sun and managing fresh air intake. Natural ventilation enhances air quality by dissolution of pollutants and refreshing thermal comfort in building. Ventilation based on natural forces should always be preferred to mechanical ventilation especially in European climates, as it can efficiently complete comfort and energy objectives without mechanical energy consumption. Driving Forces of Natural Ventilation From our understanding from chapter 2 (Architecture and Air) that wind is a natural phenomenon causes by pressure-gradient force and coriolis forces therefore is the most influential factor for natural ventilation. Wind creates air flow insides building by creating high and low pressure on different building facades. These movement is strongly dependent on wind pressure gradients. Wind flow and wind pressure distribution. The second natural forces affecting natural ventilation Differential of indoor and outdoor air density causing thermal buoyancy force, stack pressure. Natural ventilation drives outdoor natural air into building envelope openings and other architectural purpose-built openings include windows, doors, solar chimneys, wind towers and trickle ventilators. Wind pressure and stack pressure are two of the natural forces that drives natural ventilation and is important Wind Pressure When wind flows around a building, it can produce a very high suction pressures. Pressure is induced on the building when wind strikes a building. Positive pressure on the windward face which is the direction of upwind from the building; negative pressure on the leeward face, pulling rather than pushing on the building. This drives the air to flow through windward openings into the building to the low-pressure openings at the leeward face. Windward pressure differs along the height of the building, while the leeward pressure is constant. These pressures occur mainly on the leading edges of the roof, and the cladding on these areas has to be firmly fixed to the structure and the roof has to be firmly held down. The wind pressure generated on a building surface is expressed as the pressure difference between the total pressure on the point and the atmospheric static pressure. Wind pressure data can usually be obtained in wind tunnels by using scale models of buildings. If the shape of building, its surrounding condition and wind direction are the same, the wind pressure is proportional to the square of outdoor wind speed. Thus, the wind pressure is usually standardized by being divided by the dynamic pressure of the outdoor wind speed. The standardized wind pressure is called the wind pressure coefficient and symbolized as (Cp). The outdoor wind speed is usually measured at the height of the eave of the building in the wind tunnel. Calculation for wind pressure acting on the building surfaces can be found in Annex X. Natural Architectural Ventilation System Windows and Openings Cross flow Trickle Ventilators Wind Screen Stack Pressure Stack pressure or thermal buoyancy force is generated from the air temperature or humidity difference (sometimes defined as density difference) between indoor and outdoor air. This difference generates an imbalance in pressure gradients of the interior and exterior air columns, causing a vertical pressure difference. Air buoyancy allows movement of air into and out of buildings, chimneys, flue gas stacks or other containers. The effectiveness of stack ventilation is influenced by the effective area of openings, the height of the stack, the temperature difference between the bottom and the top of the stack and pressure differences outside the building. There are two effective uses of stack ventilation which occurs in a room and stack effect in a high-rise building. Examples two different uses are given as below. When the room air is warmer than the outside air, the room air is less dense and rises. Air enters the building through lower openings and escapes from upper openings; on the other hand, when the air is colder than the outside air, the room air is denser than the outside air, the direction of air flow is reverse to an insignificant degree. Air is then entering the building through the upper openings and escapes through the lower openings. Stack driven flows in a building are driven by indoor and outdoor temperatures. The ventilation rate through stack is the result of pressure differential between two openings of the stack. When air heat up, it becomes less dense thus more buoyant, causing air to rise up. Understanding the properties of air in chapter 2, we are able to use this effect to naturally ventilate buildings. Cooler air from outside of the building is drawn into the building at the lower level and is heat up by user, equipment, heating or solar heat gain within the building. Hot air that rises up in the building is vent out at a high level. The tendency of warm air to rise results in pressure differences at various levels of the building. Pressure on the lower levels and basements of a building falls below the atmospheric pressure. On the upper levels of the building, pressure of air will be higher than atmospheric pressure. In between the point of high pressure and low pressure zones lies the neutral pressure plane where the pressure will be neutral. Internal air pressure above the neutral plane will be positive pressure, forcing air to be drawn out the building; wheres, below the neutral plan e, the internal air pressure will be negative and drawing air into the building. The neutral pressure plane is often located at the vertical mid-point of the building. A building with similar leakage rates at all levels will have neutral plane at the mid-point. However, when the basement is leaky and sealed top floor of the building, the building will have a lower neutral pressure plane. Similarly, when the building has a leakier top floor and sealed basement the neutral pressure plane will be higher than the mid-point. Natural Architectural Ventilation System Solar Chimney and Atrium Trombe Wall Bernoulis Principle Identical to stack ventilation using air pressure for passive ventilation, except the difference between bernoulis principle and stack ventilation is where the pressure difference comes from. Unlike stack ventilation which utilizes temperature difference to move air, bernoulis principle uses wind speed difference to move air. In general principle of fluid dynamics, faster moving air has lower pressure. This lower pressure can help suck fresh air through the building. From an architectural point of view, outdoor air further from the ground is less obstructed, causing it to move faster than air at lower altitude, thus resulting in lower pressure. Site surrounding is an important factor to be accounted for, with less obstruction for wind to travel. Natural Architectural Ventilation System Example use of Bernoulis principle are wind cowls and wind tower which utilizes the faster winds above roof tops for passive ventilation. Wind Cowl Fast roof top wind is scooped into the building through the intake valve and at the larger outlet valve creates lower pressure which naturally suck the air out. Stack effect will also help to pull air out through the same exhaust vent. Architectural Design taking Advantage of Stack Ventilation and Bernoulis Principle Designing for stack ventilation and Bernoullis principle are similar, and a structure built for one will generally have both phenomena at work. In both strategies, cool air is sucked in through low inlet openings and hotter exhaust air escapes through high outlet openings. The ventilation rate is proportional to the area of the openings. Placing openings at the bottom and top of an open space will encourage natural ventilation through stack effect. The warm air will exhaust through the top openings, resulting in cooler air being pulled into the building from the outside through the openings at the bottom. Openings at the top and bottom should be roughly the same size to encourage even air flow through the vertical space. To design for these effects, the most important consideration is to have a large difference in height between air inlets and outlets. The bigger the difference, the better. Towers and chimneys can be useful to carry air up and out, or skylights or clerestories in more modest buildings. For these strategies to work, air must be able to flow between levels. Multi-story buildings should have vertical atria or shafts connecting the airflows of different floors.

Essay --

Sustainability is defined as the ability to be sustain, support, uphold, or confirm which my group and I were able to present during our presentation. We were assigned to 13.53 acres of land, ten single family homes, two sets of five townhouses, food and a playground. Our land had one identifiable feature which was a stream that ran around the length of our property and crossed over occasionally. We made sure that our power lines were underground and that during construction we put in drainage ditches. Our ten single family homes carried around thirty people who would live in them. Our two sets of five townhouses carried around twenty people who would also live in them. Each single family would have three solar panels. Each townhouse would have fifteen solar panels, and all houses would carry compost toilets. Lastly, our playground is right around the corner from our housing complex. The playground is also completely made from recycled material. Instead of using things to power up out energy we would use natural resources to power up things in order for it to be beneficial. Our 100...

Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics :: essays research papers

The discovery, development, manufacturing and marketing of medicines always involve questions of ethics. For example increasing pressure by governments to reduce healthcare expenditures potentially creates ethical issues for sales and marketing employees as they work to grow in the business. The healthcare industry is highly regulated and most pharmaceutical companies are committed to operating within the law. They have developed their own policies and guidance to ensure that all employees meet the highest ethical standards in their work. The Code of Conduct explains the standards that are expected from employees and is clearly communicated across each company. An Employee Guide to Business Conduct explains what the Code means in practice. Most pharmaceutical companies are committed to sales and marketing activities that are ethical, responsible, principled and patient focused. They conform to the high, ethical, medical and scientific standards that are set by governments and regulators. On top of the regulatory requirements of governments, they govern their sales and marketing activities through company policy, on Pharmaceutical Marketing and Promotion Activity, and through industry and company marketing codes. Companies believe that it is important to work with governments to contribute to constructive debate on issues surrounding pharmaceuticals and healthcare. Where legal and appropriate they make political donations as part of this engagement. All of their interactions are governed by the Code of Conduct and appropriate Corporate Policies. Most have company wide auditing in place to fully investigate suspected breaches of their company standards and take appropriate disciplinary action, including dismissal where a ppropriate. Never in the history of pharmaceutical marketing have the challenges been so intense and the stakes so high. Threats to growth and profitability have turned up the heat on pharmaceutical marketing teams to do more with less. As a result, pharmaceutical marketers must attain a new level of sophistication and precision to improve performance and maximize return on investments. At the same time, pressure is mounting on all fronts to provide greater value to all customers-including patients, providers and payers.

Geography of Aruba :: essays papers

Geography of Aruba While there is an abundance of reasons to travel to Aruba the geography and climate are certainly the most important and attractive. The island of Aruba is located just 19 miles North of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea and neighbors another Dutch Island, Curacao The geographic coordinates (for the technical people) are 12 30 N, 69 58 W(Archaelogical Museum, 3). The Island itself is rather small, being only 193 square kilometers which is slightly larger than Washington D.C. However, the cement streets of our nations capital are nothing compared to the 68 kilometers of coastline, which is sandy, white on the south side and rough, jagged rock on the north. This island, like many in the Caribbean has become a tourist hotspot for its tropical marine climate, with minimal seasonal temperature variation. A major reason why Aruba has become so popular is due to the fact that it lies on the outside of the Caribbean hurricane belt. The average temperature in Aruba is 81 degree’s, which makes the river less countryside dry, with scarce vegetation. The terrain is flat, with very few hills. However, the largest mountain on the Island is Mount Jamanota standing tall at 188 Meters. Aruba’s geography is rather simple to understand because the island is so small. Geologically, Aruba is more complex. The geological formation of Aruba’s geography is composed of three major rock groups; Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. To the reader who just looks at the textbook, this means that Aruba (the Island) was there long before the late 15th century when the Spanish first came here. Actually, Aruba was formed from the process of volcanism some 90-95 million years ago. The Island of Aruba is the result of lava hardening from a volcano that occurred almost 100 million years ago underwater. Eventually sediments formed new types of rocks, which came to the surface and began the process of island building. On the Island today the north coast is made up of a jagged coastline filled with all sorts of rocks. â€Å"Limestone’s are the youngest rocks that make up Aruba and that surround the islands older rocks. Limestone formed after and on top of the older rocks.† (Archaeological Museum Aruba, 3) While limestone is very common rock on Aruba, a white and black speckled plutonic rock called quartzdiorite is also another prevalent part of the landscape. Geography of Aruba :: essays papers Geography of Aruba While there is an abundance of reasons to travel to Aruba the geography and climate are certainly the most important and attractive. The island of Aruba is located just 19 miles North of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea and neighbors another Dutch Island, Curacao The geographic coordinates (for the technical people) are 12 30 N, 69 58 W(Archaelogical Museum, 3). The Island itself is rather small, being only 193 square kilometers which is slightly larger than Washington D.C. However, the cement streets of our nations capital are nothing compared to the 68 kilometers of coastline, which is sandy, white on the south side and rough, jagged rock on the north. This island, like many in the Caribbean has become a tourist hotspot for its tropical marine climate, with minimal seasonal temperature variation. A major reason why Aruba has become so popular is due to the fact that it lies on the outside of the Caribbean hurricane belt. The average temperature in Aruba is 81 degree’s, which makes the river less countryside dry, with scarce vegetation. The terrain is flat, with very few hills. However, the largest mountain on the Island is Mount Jamanota standing tall at 188 Meters. Aruba’s geography is rather simple to understand because the island is so small. Geologically, Aruba is more complex. The geological formation of Aruba’s geography is composed of three major rock groups; Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. To the reader who just looks at the textbook, this means that Aruba (the Island) was there long before the late 15th century when the Spanish first came here. Actually, Aruba was formed from the process of volcanism some 90-95 million years ago. The Island of Aruba is the result of lava hardening from a volcano that occurred almost 100 million years ago underwater. Eventually sediments formed new types of rocks, which came to the surface and began the process of island building. On the Island today the north coast is made up of a jagged coastline filled with all sorts of rocks. â€Å"Limestone’s are the youngest rocks that make up Aruba and that surround the islands older rocks. Limestone formed after and on top of the older rocks.† (Archaeological Museum Aruba, 3) While limestone is very common rock on Aruba, a white and black speckled plutonic rock called quartzdiorite is also another prevalent part of the landscape.

Managing Conbini- Case Study Custom Research by Essay Writers

Culturally speaking, Japanese consumers have an interest in utilizing American inventions because of an overall desire to capture the flavor and feel of Western culture, as Japanese citizens experience the joy of having disposable income to purchase goods   that they are seeing for the first time in many cases (Ellington, 1992).   Specifically in the instance of the American convenience store concept, the popularity of it in Japan, beyond the cultural associations, also has a practical element to it, as space in Japan is at a premium, which makes it difficult and impractical for the average Japanese to store lots of consumer goods in their homes.   Therefore, the convenience store allows them to quickly obtain needed items if they cannot be kept on hand at home. Evolution of the Original Concept of the Convenience Store Space is at a premium in Japan, and retail stores are no exception.   Even the Conbini (convenience store) lacks enough shelf space to display all of the goods that are offered.   Because of this, the original concept of the convenience store has evolved through the use of e-commerce; for example, in the Conbini, Internet terminals exist whereby the customer can order products and have the products delivered to their homes.   This allows for the offering of many goods in a limited space environment. Aside from the obvious convenience and product availability that Conbini provides to the Japanese consumer, there is another important aspect of Conbini that the Japanese particularly like, which can be found in the e-commerce element of the stores themselves.   Because many Japanese do not have Internet access in their homes, the possibility of buying online from the terminal at Conbini is very appealing (Bloomberg Business News, 2004). What Other Kinds of New Products/Services Could be Introduced in the Conbini? How Should the New Offerings be Distributed? Conbini represents an excellent opportunity to introduce new products/services.   Because of the space crunch in Japan, there exists a promising opportunity for the provision of the kinds of entertainment (DVDs, videocassettes, etc) that previously required large retail spaces, but can be ordered using the Internet technology that now exists. These new product/services should be distributed via home delivery due to the convenience and practical considerations that are dictated by the space restrictions that exist in Japan itself. Technology can also play a bigger key role.   The Conbini innovations in E-commerce could be adapted to E-tailing in the United States in many ways, and have been to some extent in the past, evidenced by American retailers like Circuit City, which has embraced the Internet as a sales tool and used it to rescue the firm from low profits over the past 5 years or so (Bhatnagar, 2004). To strictly follow the Conbini model, the typical American convenience store could reduce the costs associated with huge retail locations by utilizing Internet technology as Conbini has to make convenience stores smaller and more cost/space efficient.   Given certain concerns in the United States at this time as well, Conbini models can reduce the crime associated with the typical American convenience store and conserve natural resources by disturbing less land and using less utilities and building materials. References (Bhatnagar P 2004 Circuit City-No More Excuses)Bhatnagar, P. (2004). Circuit City-No More Excuses. CNN Money.com, , . Retrieved September 10, 2006, from Money Magazine and CNN Web Site: http://money.cnn.com/2004/04/26/news/fortune500/circuit_city (Bloomberg Business News 200404 Japan's Convenience Stores add E-Commerce to Milk and Management)Bloomberg Business News. (2004, April). Japan's Convenience Stores add E-Commerce to Milk and Management. Retrieved September 10, 2006, from CNET News Web Site: http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/hardware/0,39042972,13027570,00.htm (Indiana University Clearinghouse For US-Japan Studies 1992 Japanese-U.S. Economic Relations)Indiana University Clearinghouse For U.S.-Japan Studies/Lucien Ellington, author (1992). Japanese-U.S. Economic Relations. Japan Digest, 4(2002), .      

Barangay Information System Essay

Significance of the Study -This study was made to find out that the use of residence information system will lessen the time for the transaction of encoding. Also in using this system it can recognize the person involve in this study. To the Barangay – It will help for them to lessen the time for the transaction of encoding. The system will be the census like having a system of the barangay for all of its constituents and new people who will live in the place. The system will be effective in maintaining, searching and storing of records of all resident in the barangay. To the Residence – For they will be accommodated easily for they will have an identification that can be used to access their accounts if there are some changes to be done in their part. It will also be easy for them in requesting some information and services because the barangay had already have it. This will also assure the residents that their information is properly secured and maintain through the manipulation of the proposed system. To the Secretary of the Barangay – It will help to organize the record and monitor the information of the residence. Foreign For further understanding of the study, the researchers made use of different reading materials related to the information system. These materials such as books, magazines, newspapers, thesis and other web articles are essential in broadening the knowledge of the researchers. These will also guide the researchers to achieve their target objectives by getting ideas on other related studies and make improvements as possible.   According to Jennifer Rowley (2005), information system are a tool to support information management. Information systems are increasingly being used in organizations with the object of providing competitive advantage. The information systems used by organizations can be grouped into different types such as transaction processing system, executive information system,  expert systems and office information systems. Information Technology has heralded the advent of the information society. The University of Minnesota Research and Training Center has released its annual Residential Information Systems Project report. The report provides state-by-state statistics with long-term trends on residential services, settings, populations and expenditures for people with developmental disabilities in state, nonstate, and Medicaid-funded residential programs. Characteristics of residents, movement and staffing patterns in large state residential facilities are included. The report uses 2012 data to examine trends in residential supports for people with developmental disabilities. The report found that the majority of people with IDD that do not live with a family member live in a setting with three or fewer people with IDD, with more than three-fourths sharing a home with six of fewer people. The report notes that there are significant differences in the data between states for many topic areas, including setting size, waiting lists, and average expenditures for HCBS. O’Brien, (2011) defines information system as the organized combination of people, hardware,software, communication networks and data resources, that control, transform and disseminateinformation in an organization. In partial fulfilment for the requirements in Software Project presented to the faculty of IT Department Ebora, Vanessa Grace I. Casas, Lori Anne S. Rapisora, Sheryl L. Tambongco, Steven CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Setting of the Study The study was conducted at Barangay Katipunan-Bayani which has a approximate popul.ation of 8,000 residents. The barangay is located at Rodriguez Ave. Tanay, Rizal. Vicinity map of Barangay Katipunan-Bayani Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem This discuss about the problems of existing system that will be resolve by the researcher through computerized Residence Information Sysytem 1. Open- source data 2. Back-up storage incase of loss 3. Time consuming of filing application form 4. Sharing of documents 5. File storage Objectives General The researcher aims to develop a system that will help the client to reduce the load of the barangay staffs in saving the residents files. Specific 1. Have a security to secured all the important records of the residents. 2. Have a back-up storage file in case of corrupting data. 3. Have a network-based for easy transferring of file needed. 4. Have a data base for data storage. Scope and Limitation The system is designed to have a security for the records to be secured that  only the authorized person can only handle the system. It can be saved on a folder for file back-up. It has data base for storage of saved data. It can print documents such as Barangay Clearance, Indigency etc. The system cannot produce hard copy of total records of barangay constituents. it did not contain residence number.